Written by: Michael N. Wiggins, MD
This lecture concerns the basics of optics, including plus and minus lenses, refractive states of the eye, accommodation, and astigmatism in plus and minus cylinder.  The course will conclude with two case reports that highlight optical principles.

Written by: Frank W. Scribbick
Participants who have never been exposed to ophthalmic pathology will learn the importance and relationship of ophthalmic pathology to the clinical practice of ophthalmology. The history and evolution of ophthalmic pathology from its beginning to its modern-day form will be reviewed. Participants will be introduced to basic pathology procedures and the diagnostic advantages and disadvantages this specialty brings to their clinical practice.

Written by: Anne M. Menke, RN, PhD and Jacqueline Jaffee, JD
A complete legible medical record serves many purposes.  It promotes patient safety and continuity of care by providing a comprehensive account of the diagnosis and treatment.  It provides evidence that can be used to defend, or possibly assail, the ophthalmologist’s care in a claim or lawsuit; and it services as a basis for coding and billing of the care provided.